Anthonymetal69's profile

Danktolker: daelf I have a very developed gaydar LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL time to make a REALLLY long comment just to piss you off... hmmm maybe i should post some free rider codes........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... that would be smart but i think il just continue to make random sentences with an enter after each one oh and im going to put everyone elses posts into this Hi!‼♥ (Untitled Song)df-GbJ-jdf-cce-Ebt-gaa-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-L,ap-AgH-dhT-geJ-ggH-cgG-xpm-jpm-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-L,ak-Ada-edK-ghu-fgi-cgh-khm-whu-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-L,if-knt-cjg-cjh-cpm-dnX-clY-iii-ent-cns-ciZ-cmr-cnj-gmp-gmr-cmt-cpm-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z- (Like Cannibals We Feast!)dfby-gas-cbe-cbX-gbt-gbt-gcK-cch-gcJ-acE-mdg-aaB-gby-Rby-mce-mdf-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-A,appm-cgv-AgH-cpo-ceG-aeG-aeJ-Z-agt-cax-cka-cfn-ciK-cak-eil-dmY-giM-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-O,akhu-cgp-Agi-cbN-cfU-chE-ahF-adL-OfN-cdh-wdv-afN-cdn-edc-fdT-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-O,ifnt-cka-cnj-ojE-gnt-cne-cne-cpm-cnt-cnC-cnt-cpj-gmr-cmf-cnj-gnt-Gix-dnt-fpm-cni-lnt-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-E Anthony’s stupidness meter is OVER 9000!!, jk =D randome thing hi hmm, now that that is done i think il copy all your fans down (view all 101 fans) drumwsticks paperballerina Kayleeboox Mancart Elzie Dukemaster911 Buggle ConnectCargo BridgePunk-o-matic 2CycloManiacsLOLcaptions hmmm lolololololololololololol 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there may or may not be over 9000 dots in that anyway, failjokes put aside, this isnt nearly long enough yet time to go copy an entire webpage From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search This article is about "gay" as a term. For homosexuality, see Homosexuality. For other uses, see Gay (disambiguation). The term gay was originally used to refer to feelings of being "carefree", "happy", or "bright and showy"; it had also come to acquire some connotations of "immorality" as early as 1637.[1] The term's use as a reference to homosexuality may date as early as the late 19th century, but its use gradually increased in the 20th century.[1] In modern English, gay has come to be used as an adjective, and occasionally as a noun, referring to the people, practices, and culture associated with homosexuality. By the end of the 20th century, the word gay was recommended by major style guides to describe people attracted to members of the same sex.[2][3] At about the same time, a new, pejorative use became prevalent in some parts of the world. In the Anglosphere, this connotation, among younger speakers, has a derisive meaning equivalent to rubbish or stupid (as in "That's so gay."). In this use the word does not mean "homosexual", so it can be used, for example, to refer to an inanimate object or abstract concept of which one disapproves. When used in this way, the extent to which it still retains connotations of homosexuality has been debated. that was indeed a comment on gayness so there i hate wikipedia Faggot (slang) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Faggotry) Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Faggot. A Volkswagen Beetle ("Bug") owner in response to fag graffiti spray-painted on her car christened it "The Fagbug" and embarked on a trans-American road trip to raise awareness of homophobia and LGBT rights that was documented in a film of the same name.[1][2]Faggot, often shortened to fag, is a pejorative term and common homophobic slur used chiefly in North America against homosexual males.[3] Its pejorative use has spread from the United States to varying extents elsewhere in the English-speaking world through mass culture, including movies, music, and the Internet. In some countries, faggot has additional meanings (all dated or rare in the U.S.): a bundle of sticks, a culinary term for herbs or seasoning added to a meal;[4] "faggot trim", a style of embroidery in clothing;[5] and faggots, which are a kind of meatball.[6] Fag also has additional meanings: slang for a cigarette (dated in the US[7]), or for hard work and chores. In some UK public schools, fagging was the name given to the practice where a younger boy (a "fag") acted as an unpaid servant for an older boy. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 Use in Britain 3 Earliest printed use 4 Usage in popular culture 4.1 Film 4.2 Theater 4.3 Books and magazines 4.4 Music 4.5 Television and newsmedia 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology The word meaning "bundle of sticks" is ultimately derived, via Old French, Italian and Vulgar Latin, from Latin fascis (also the origin of the word fascism).[8] The origins of the word as an offensive epithet for homosexuals are, however, rather obscure, although the word has been used in English since the late 16th century to mean "old or unpleasant woman," and the modern use may derive from this.[9] Female terms, it should be noted, are often used with reference to homosexual or effeminate men (cf. nancy, sissy, queen). The application of the term to old women is possibly a shortening of the term "faggot-gatherer", applied in the 19th century to people, especially older widows, who made a meagre living by gathering and selling firewood.[10] It may also derive from the sense of "something awkward to be carried" (compare the use of the word "baggage" as a pejorative term for old people in general).[8] It is sometimes claimed that the modern slang meaning developed from the standard meaning of "faggot" as "bundle of sticks for burning," presumably with reference to burning at the stake.[8] This is, however, unlikely to be the case,[8] and there is no tradition of burning at the stake being used as a punishment for homosexuality in Britain,[11][12] although supposed witches and heretics were burnt to death in other parts of Europe, and were often accused of deviant sexual behaviour.[13] The Yiddish word faygele, lit. "little bird", is also claimed by some as an explanation for the modern use of "faggot." The similarity between the two words makes it a reasonable possibility that it might at least have had a reinforcing effect.[11] An obsolete reference to faggot from 17th century Britain refers to a "man hired into military service simply to fill out the ranks at muster."[8] Use in Britain Originally confined to the United States,[8] the use of the words "fag" and "faggot" as epithets for gay men has spread elsewhere in the English-speaking world, but the extent to which they are used in this sense has varied outside the context of imported US popular culture. The words "queer", "homo", and "poof" are all still in common use in the UK, and some other countries, as pejorative terms for gay men. The words "fag" and "faggot", moreover, still have other meanings in the British Isles and other Commonwealth societies. In particular, "faggot" is still used to refer to a kind of meatball, and "fag" is common as a slang word for "cigarette". Use of fag and faggot as the term for an effeminate man has become understood as an Americanism in British English, primarily due to entertainment media use in films and television series imported from the United States. When Labour MP Bob Marshall-Andrews was overheard supposedly using the word in a bad-tempered informal exchange with a straight colleague in the House of Commons lobby in November 2005, it was considered to be homophobic abuse.[14][15] Earliest printed use The earliest known reference to the word with the pejorative meaning in print was in the 1914 Jackson and Hellyer A Vocabulary of Criminal Slang, with Some Examples of Common Usages which listed the following example under the word, drag:[16] "All the fagots (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight." The word was also used by a character in Claude McKay’s 1928 novel Home to Harlem, indicating that it was used during the Harlem Renaissance. Specifically, one character says that he cannot understand: "a bulldyking woman and a faggoty man" Usage in popular culture This "In popular culture" section may contain minor or trivial references. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances, and remove trivial references. (July 2010) Benjamin Phelps, Fred Phelps' grandson and creator of the first "GodHatesFags" webpage, is also from the Westboro Baptist Church which regularly employs picket signs such as these using fag as epithet.[17]There is a long history of using both fag and faggot in popular culture, usually to denigrate lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, (LGBT) people. Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman's 1995 documentary The Celluloid Closet, based on Vito Russo's book of the same name notes the use of fag and faggot throughout Hollywood film history.[18] The Think Before You Speak (campaign) has sought to stop fag and gay being used as generic insults.[19] Film The character of Michael in Mart Crowley's 1968 play and 1970 film The Boys in the Band has dialogue that includes "Believe it or not, there was a time in my life when I didn't go around announcing I was a faggot"[20] and "Not all faggots bump themselves off at the end of the story."[21] In the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy, Ratso (Dustin Hoffman) criticizes the cowboy persona adapted by Joe (Jon Voight) as "faggot stuff."[22] Leonard Frey played the character "Laurence Faggot" in the 1970 comedy film The Magic Christian.[23] In the 1974 film Blazing Saddles, Slim Pickens' character berates his laborers by declaring: "I hired you people to try to get a little track laid, not to jump around like a bunch of Kansas City faggots."[24] That dialogue inspired the name of a Texas-based band called The Kansas City Faggots.[25] Theater In 1973 a broadway musical called "The Faggot" was praised by critics but condemned by gay liberation proponents.[26] Books and magazines Larry Kramer's 1978 novel, Faggots, discusses the gay community including the use of the word within and towards the community.[27] In its November 2002 issue, the New Oxford Review, a Catholic magazine, caused controversy by its use and defense of the word in an editorial. During the correspondence between the editors and a gay reader, the editors clarified that they would only use the word to describe a "practicing homosexual". They defended the use of the word, saying that it was important to preserve the social stigma of gays and lesbians.[28] Music The Dire Straits 1985 song "Money for Nothing" makes notable use of the epithet "faggot",[29] although the lines containing it are often excised for radio play, and in live performances by singer/songwriter Mark Knopfler. In 1989, Sebastian Bach, lead singer of the band Skid Row, created a controversy when he wore a t-shirt with the parody slogan "Aids: Kills Fags Dead".[30] The 2001 song "American Triangle" by Elton John and Bernie Taupin uses the phrase God hates fags where we come from.. The song is about Matthew Shephard, a gay man who was killed in Wyoming for the fact he was gay.[31] The 2007 song The Bible Says, which includes the line "God Hates Fags" (sometimes used as an alternate title) caused considerable controversy when it was published on various websites. Apparently an anti-gay song written and performed by an ex-gay pastor "Donnie Davies", it was accompanied by the realistic Love God's Way website about his "ministry". Debate ensued about whether Donnie Davies and the outrageous song, which included a few double-entendres, were for real, and whether the lyrics could ever be considered acceptable even in satire. Donnie Davies was revealed in 2007 to be a character played by actor and entertainer. Some gay rights advocates acknowledge that as a spoof it is humorous, but claim the message behind it is still as malicious as someone who seriously possessed the opinion.[32][33][34] In December 2007, BBC Radio 1 caused controversy by editing the word "faggot" from their broadcasts of the Kirsty MacColl & The Pogues song "Fairytale of New York," deeming it potentially homophobic, however the edit did not extend to other BBC stations, such as BBC Radio 2. Following widespread criticism and pressure from listeners, the decision was reversed and the original unedited version of the song was reinstated, with clarification from Andy Parfitt, the station controller, that in the context of the song the lyrics had no "negative intent."[35][36]. Patty Griffin uses the word 'faggot' in her song Tony. The song is about a classmate of hers from high school who committed suicide[37]. Television and newsmedia In 1995, former House Majority Leader Dick Armey referred to openly gay congressman Barney Frank as "Barney Fag" in a press interview.[38] Armey apologized and said it was "a slip of the tongue". Frank did not accept Armey's explanation, saying "I turned to my own expert, my mother, who reports that in 59 years of marriage, no one ever introduced her as Elsie Fag."[39] In July 2006 conservative pundit Ann Coulter, while being interviewed by MSNBC's Chris Matthews, said that the former U.S. Vice President Al Gore was a "total fag", and suggested that former U.S. President Bill Clinton may be a "latent homosexual".[40] Coulter caused a major controversy in the LGBT community; GLAAD and other gay rights organizations demanded to know the reason why such an offensive usage of the word was permitted by the network. In October 2006, Grey's Anatomy star Isaiah Washington called his co-star T.R. Knight a "faggot" on the set during an argument with Patrick Dempsey. According to Knight, the incident led to him publicly coming out of the closet.[41] Washington made another outburst using the epithet, this time backstage at the Golden Globe Awards. In January 2007, Washington issued a public apology for using the word "faggot" and went into rehab to help him with what the show's creator Shonda Rimes referred to as "his behavioral issues."[42] In March 2007 Coulter again created controversy when she made an off-color joke: "I was going to have a few comments on the other Democratic presidential candidate John Edwards, but it turns out you have to go into rehab if you use the word "faggot," so I'm kind of at an impasse, can't really talk about Edwards ..."[43][44] Her comments triggered a campaign by a gay rights group and media watchdog to persuade mainstream media outlets to ban her shows and appearances. In November 2009 "The F Word", a South Park episode aired dealing with the overuse of the word fag, along with its history and how it evolved from a 16th century slang meaning "old or unpleasant woman" to a homophobic slur into a general insult commonly used amongst American youth.[45] The four lead characters, all young boys, assert that the meaning remains an insult but refers to Harley motorcyclists and convince the town to officially change the meaning which is kept despite criticism from the rest of the nation.[46][47][48] See also Look up faggot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Breeder Fag hag Fag stag Hate mail Hate speech References 1.^ Berk, Brett (January 8, 2009). "The Heartwarming Story of Fagbug". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/online/style/2009/01/fagbug.html#comments. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 2.^ Raymundo, Oscar (December 19, 2007). "Driven to Spread Awareness". Newsweek. http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/current/archive/2007/12/19/driven-by-desire-and-her-fag-bug.aspx. Retrieved December 13, 2008. 3.^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 0618701729. 4.^ St. Petersburg Times (FL), Oct 27, 1966: Simmering Soup Kettle is Basic Americana 5.^ Lakeland Ledger (FL), Apr 2, 2003: clothing sale 6.^ "The Dangers Of Bad Teeth". The Times: p. 2. Jan 06, 1914. "A 'faggot' was described as being composed of pieces of meat, with fat and gristle in it. A verdict of 'Death from natural causes' was returned." 7.^ [1] Gettysburg Times (PA), Aug 30, 1969: Order Health Data on Fag Advertising 8.^ a b c d e f "The Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=faggot. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 9.^ Morton (2005: 319); The Online Etymological Dictionary 10.^ Morton (2005: 319) 11.^ a b Morton, Mark (2005) Dirty Words: The Story of Sex Talk London: Atlantic Books: 309-323; see also: The Online Etymological Dictionary. 12.^ However, the Theodosian Code, which was influential in the development of medieval law, does prescribe burning: "All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people." (Theodosian Code 9.7.6) 13.^ Federici, Silvia. Caliban and the Witch. Autonomedia: Brooklyn, 2004. Pg 192, 197 14.^ "MP's 'faggot' abuse 'disgraceful'". LGBTGreens. http://www.lgbtgreens.org.uk/news/2005/mpsfaggotabusedisgraceful.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 15.^ Helm, Toby; Jones, George (11 November 2005). "Panic and a punch-up as Blair tumbles to defeat at the hands of his own party". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014224030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/10/nblair110.xml. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 16.^ Wilton, David / Brunetti, Ivan. Word myths: debunking linguistic urban legends Oxford University Press US, 2004. Page 176. ISBN 0195172841, 9780195172843 17.^ The Bible Exposition Commentary: New Testament: Volume 1 (1992), Warren W. Wiersbe, David C. Cook, ISBN 1564760308, 9781564760302 18.^ The Celluloid Closet; (1995) Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman. 19.^ 'That's So Gay': Words That Can Kill Susan Donaldson James, ABC News, 20 April 2009. 20.^ ""The Boys in the Band" (1970) Quotes". Turner Classic Movies. 12 November 2009. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=69536&category=Quotes. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 21.^ Rich, Frank (March 18, 1970). "The Moviegoer The Boys in the Band opens at the Astor today". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=352548. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 22.^ "Seminal Stories," The Advocate 23.^ "The Magic Christian". DVD Talk. January 21, 2002. http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/5500/magic-christian-the/. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 24.^ "Blazing Saddles (1974)-Memorable quotes," Internet Movie Database 25.^ Welsh, Suz (August 8, 2007). "Dancing with a Bunch of Kansas City Faggots". The Sub-Rosa. http://thesub-rosa.blogspot.com/2007/08/dancin-around-with-bunch-of-kansas-city_08.html. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 26.^ Clive Barnes (August 04, 1973). "US unisex: continuing the trend". The Times: p. 7. "The theme of The Faggot is set at the beginning which shows ... one man picking up another in a movie house." 27.^ Larry Kramer (2000). Faggots. Grove Press. ISBN 9780802136916. http://books.google.com/books?id=faKCFSlFbKkC. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 28.^ "Sodom & the City of God". Cityofgod.net. http://www.cityofgod.net/courage-seattle/belgau-nor.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 29.^ Mark Knopfler a Bigger Gay Icon Than George Michael? Ten reasons why. Mike Sealy, Seattle Weekly, July 01, 2008. 30.^ Michael Musto. "La Dolce Musto", village voice, 2000. 31.^ "Rewriting the Motives Behind Matthew Shepard’s Murder". [2]. December 8, 2004. http://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/recount/article/95/. Retrieved 2009-11-23. 32.^ "The Latest!". The Washington Blade. 29 January 2007. http://www.washblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=11101. Retrieved 2007-02-02. 33.^ "Dan Savage, "Slog"". The Stranger. 28 January 2007. http://www.thestranger.com/blog/2007/01/donnie_davies_third_times_the_charm. Retrieved 2007-02-02. 34.^ "One Big Conn: When Viral Marketing Misses Its Mark". Philadelphia Weekly. 31 January 2007. http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/view.php?id=13936. Retrieved 2007-02-02. 35.^ "Radio 1 censors Pogues' Fairytale". BBC News. 18 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7149525.stm. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 36.^ Times Online - "Radio 1 reverses decision to censor Pogues hit"3071042.ece 37.^ [3] 38.^ "The Masters of Mean". 1 March 2002. http://www.motherjones.com/commentary/power_plays/2002/03/mean.html. 39.^ Rich, Frank (February 2, 1995), "Journal; Closet Clout", The New York Times, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE6DF113AF931A35751C0A963958260 40.^ "When hate speech becomes accepted" The Advocate. 41.^ Nudd, Tim (17 January 2007). "Isaiah Washington's Slur Made Me Come Out - Grey's Anatomy, Isaiah Washington". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20008737,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 42.^ E! News - Isaiah Enters Treatment - Isaiah Washington | T.R. Knight | Patrick Dempsey[dead link] 43.^ "John Edwards Hopes to Raise 'Coulter Cash' After Commentator's 'Faggot' Comment - Politics | Republican Party | Democratic Party | Political Spectrum". FOXNews.com. 4 March 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,256418,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 44.^ "Broadcast Yourself". YouTube. http://youtube.com/watch?v=uxgVuB3TyaU&mode=related&search=. Retrieved 2009-11-22. 45.^ "South Park episode guide". South Park Studios. 2 November 2009. http://www.southparkstudios.com/guide/1312/. Retrieved 2009-11-02. 46.^ Jones, Michael A. (November 6, 2009). "Should South Park Get Away with Using the F-Word?". GayRights.Change.org. http://gayrights.change.org/blog/view/should_south_park_get_away_with_using_the_f-word. Retrieved 2009-11-18. 47.^ Genevieve Koski (November 4, 2009). "The F Word". The A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-f-word,35013/. Retrieved 2009-11-07. 48.^ "GLAAD protests 'South Park' f-bomb episode". James Hibberd's The Live Feed. November 5, 2009. http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/11/glaad-protests-south-park-fbomb-episode.html. Retrieved 2009-11-07. very important stuff, that is some important things to shout out here ESSENCEBLADE IS RETARTED. DANIEL LOPEZ IS ALSO RETARTED. AS IS ULTOR. THAT IS ALL. now, on to some really long stuff Tractor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Tractor (disambiguation). A tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe the distinctive farm vehicle: agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised. Another common use of the term, "tractor unit", describes the power unit of a semi-trailer truck (articulated lorry). The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere "to pull".[1][2] The first recorded use of the word meaning "an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs" occurred in 1901, displacing the earlier term traction engine (1859).[3] Contents [hide] 1 National variations 2 History 3 Farm tractor design, power and transmission 3.1 Tractor configurations 3.2 Engine and fuels 3.3 Transmission 4 Hitches and power applications 4.1 Drawbars 4.2 Fixed mounts 4.3 Three-point hitches and quick hitches 4.4 Power take-off systems and hydraulics 5 Operation 5.1 Pedals 5.2 Levers and switches 6 Safety 7 Applications and variations 7.1 Farm tractor applications 7.2 Precision agriculture 7.3 Engineering tractors 7.4 Backhoe loader 7.5 Compact Utility Tractor 7.6 Garden tractors 7.7 Automobile conversion tractors ("Hoover Wagons" and "EPA Tractors") 7.8 Alternative machine types 'called' tractors 8 Gallery 9 Manufacturers 10 See also 11 References 12 External links 12.1 Tractor information 12.2 Tractor safety [edit] National variations In Britain, Ireland, Australia, India, Spain, Argentina, and Germany the word "tractor" usually means "farm tractor", and the use of the word "tractor" to mean other types of vehicles is familiar to the vehicle trade but unfamiliar to much of the general public. In Canada and the US the word may also refer to the road tractor portion of a tractor trailer truck. [edit] History See also: Row Crop tractor The first powered farm implements in the early 1800s were portable engines – steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machinery by way of a flexible belt. Around 1850, the first traction engines were developed from these, and were widely adopted for agricultural use. The first tractors were steam-powered plowing engines. They were used in pairs, placed on either side of a field to haul a plow back and forth between them using a wire cable. Where soil conditions permitted (as in the United States) steam tractors were used to direct-haul plows, but in the UK and elsewhere plowing engines were used for cable-hauled plowing instead. Steam-powered agricultural engines remained in use well into the 20th century until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed.[4] In 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa, USA. After receiving a patent Froelich started up the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Company, investing all of his assets which by 1895, all would be lost and his business resigned to become a failure.[5][6][7] After graduating from the University of Wisconsin, Charles W. Hart and Charles H. Parr developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine and set up their business in Charles City, Iowa. In 1903 the firm built fifteen "tractors". A term with Latin roots coined by Hart and Parr and a combination of the words traction and power. The 14,000 pound #3 is the oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the United States and is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington D.C. The two-cylinder engine has a unique hit-and-miss firing cycle that produced 30 horsepower at the belt and 18 at the drawbar. In Britain, the first recorded tractor sale was the oil-burning Hornsby-Ackroyd Patent Safety Oil Traction engine, in 1897. However, the first commercially successful design was Dan Albone's three-wheel Ivel tractor of 1902. In 1908, the Saunderson Tractor and Implement Co. of Bedford introduced a four-wheel design, and went on to become the largest tractor manufacturer outside the U.S. at that time. While unpopular at first, these gasoline-powered machines began to catch on in the 1910s when they became smaller and more affordable.[8] Henry Ford introduced the Fordson, the first mass-produced tractor in 1917. They were built in the U.S., Ireland, England and Russia and by 1923, Fordson had 77% of the U.S. market. The Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine block to hold the machine together. By the 1920s, tractors with a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine had become the norm. [edit] Farm tractor design, power and transmission [edit] Tractor configurations Tractors can be generally classified as two-wheel drive, two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, four-wheel drive (often with articulated steering), or track tractors (with either two or four powered rubber tracks). The classic farm tractor is a simple open vehicle, with two very large driving wheels on an axle below and slightly behind a single seat (the seat and steering wheel consequently are in the center), and the engine in front of the driver, with two steerable wheels below the engine compartment. This basic design has remained unchanged for a number of years, but enclosed cabs are fitted on almost all modern models, for reasons of operator safety and comfort. A 1958 Series II Field Marshall--the classic standard tread farm tractor configurationIn some localities with heavy or wet soils, notably in the Central Valley of California, the "Caterpillar" or "crawler" type of tracked tractor became popular in the 1930s, due to superior traction and floatation. These were usually maneuvered through the use of turning brake pedals and separate track clutches operated by levers rather than a steering wheel. Volvo T25, 1956, Gasoline tractor A modern 4-wheel drive farm tractorFour-wheel drive tractors began to appear in the 1960s. Some four-wheel drive tractors have the standard "two large, two small" configuration typical of smaller tractors, while some have four large powered wheels. The larger tractors are typically an articulated center-hinged design steered by hydraulic cylinders that move the forward power unit while the trailing unit is not steered separately. In the early 21st century, articulated or non-articulated, steerable multi-track "tractors" have largely supplanted the "Caterpillar" type for farm use. Larger types of modern farm tractors include articulated four wheel or eight wheel drive units with one or two power units which are hinged in the middle and steered by hydraulic clutches or pumps. A relatively recent development is the replacement of wheels or steel crawler-type tracks with flexible steel-reinforced rubber tracks, usually powered by hydrostatic or completely hydraulic driving mechanisms. The configuration of these tractors bears little resemblance to the classic farm tractor design. A modern steerable all-tracked power unit planting wheat in North Dakota[edit] Engine and fuels The predecessors of modern tractors, traction engines, used steam engines for power. Since the turn of the 20th century, internal combustion engines have been the power source of choice. Between 1900 and 1960, gasoline was the predominant fuel, with kerosene and ethanol being common alternatives. Generally one engine could burn any of those, although cold starting was easiest on gasoline. Often a small auxiliary fuel tank was available to hold gasoline for cold starting and warm-up, while the main fuel tank held whatever fuel was most convenient or least expensive for the particular farmer. Dieselisation gained momentum starting in the 1960s, and modern farm tractors usually employ diesel engines, which range in power output from 18 to 575 horsepower (15 to 480 kW). Size and output are dependent on application, with smaller tractors for lawn mowing, landscaping, orchard work, and truck farming, and larger tractors for vast fields of wheat, maize, soy, and other bulk crops. Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) or propane also have been used as tractor fuels, but require special pressurized fuel tanks and filling equipment so are less prevalent in most markets. [edit] Transmission Most older farm tractors use a manual transmission. They have several gear ratios, typically 3 to 6, sometimes multiplied into 2 or 3 ranges. This arrangement provides a set of discrete ratios that, combined with the varying of the throttle, allow final-drive speeds from less than one mile per hour up to about 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), with the lower speeds used for working the land and the highest speeds used on the road. Slow, controllable speeds are necessary for most operations that are performed with a tractor. They help give the farmer a larger degree of control in certain situations, such as field work. However, when travelling on public roads, the slow operating speeds can cause problems, such as long queues or tailbacks, which can delay or annoy motorists in cars and trucks. These motorists are responsible for being duly careful around farm tractors and sharing the road with them, but many shirk this responsibility, so various ways to minimize the interaction or minimize the speed differential are employed where feasible. Some countries (for example the Netherlands) employ a road sign on some roads that means "no farm tractors". Some modern tractors, such as the JCB Fastrac, are now capable of much higher road speeds of around 50 mph (80 km/h). An older model European farm tractor. These types of tractors are still common in Eastern EuropeOlder tractors usually have unsynchronized transmission design, which often requires that the operator stop the tractor in order to shift between gears. This mode of use is inherently unsuited to some of the work that tractors do, and has been circumvented in various ways over the years. For existing unsynchronized tractors, the methods of circumvention are double clutching or power-shifting, both of which require the operator to rely on skill to speed-match the gears while shifting. Both of these solutions are undesirable from a risk-mitigation standpoint because of what can go wrong if the operator makes a mistake – transmission damage is possible, and loss of vehicle control can occur if the tractor is towing a heavy load either uphill or downhill – something that tractors often do. Therefore, operator's manuals for most of these tractors state that one must always stop the tractor before shifting, and they do not even mention the alternatives. As already said, that mode of use is inherently unsuited to some of the work that tractors do, so better options were pursued for newer tractor designs. Cutaway of modern tractorIn these, unsynchronized transmission designs were replaced with synchronization or with a continuously variable transmission (CVT). Either a synchronized manual transmission with enough available gear ratios (often achieved with dual ranges, high and low) or a CVT allow the engine speed to be matched to the desired final-drive speed while keeping engine speed within the appropriate rpm range for power generation (the working range) (whereas throttling back to achieve the desired final-drive speed is a trade-off that leaves the working range). The problems, solutions, and developments described here also describe the history of transmission evolution in semi-trailer trucks. The biggest difference is fleet turnover; whereas most of the old road tractors have long since been scrapped, many of the old farm tractors are still in use. Therefore, old transmission design and operation is primarily just of historical interest in trucking, whereas in farming it still often affects daily life. [edit] Hitches and power applications The power produced by the engine must be transmitted to the implement or equipment in order to do the actual work intended for the equipment. This may be accomplished via a drawbar or hitch system if the implement is to be towed or otherwise pulled through the tractive power of the engine, or via a pulley or power takeoff system if the implement is stationery, or a combination of the two. [edit] Drawbars Until the 1950s, plows and other tillage equipment usually were connected to the tractor via a drawbar, or a proprietary connecting system. The classic drawbar is simply a steel bar attached to the tractor (or in some cases, as in the early Fordsons, cast as part of the rear transmission housing) to which the hitch of the implement was attached with a pin or by a loop and clevis. The implement could be readily attached and removed, allowing the tractor to be used for other purposes on a daily basis. If the tractor was equipped with a swinging drawbar, the drawbar could be set at the center or offset from center to allow the tractor to run outside the path of the implement. The drawbar system necessitated that the implement have its own running gear (usually wheels) and in the case of a plow, chisel cultivator or harrow, some sort of lift mechanism to raise it out of the ground at turns or for transport. Drawbars necessarily posed a rollover risk depending on how the tractive torque was applied. The Fordson tractors (of which more units were produced and placed in service than any other farm tractor) was extremely prone to roll over backwards due to an excessively short wheelbase. The linkage between the implement and the tractor usually had some slack which could lead to jerky starts and greater wear and tear on the tractor and the equipment. A large modern John Deere model 9400 four wheel drive tractor with tripled wheels and a drawbar-towed tool chain including one-pass tillage equipment, planter and fertilizer applicator with tanksDrawbars were appropriate to the dawn of mechanization, because they were very simple in concept and because as the tractor replaced the horse, existing horse-drawn implements usually already had running gear. As the history of mechanization progressed, however, the advantages of other hitching systems became apparent, leading to new developments (see below). Depending on the function for which a tractor is used, however, the drawbar is still one of the usual means of attaching an implement to a tractor (see photo at left). [edit] Fixed mounts Some tractor manufacturers produced matching equipment that could be directly mounted on the tractor. Examples included front-end loaders, belly mowers, row crop cultivators, corn pickers and corn planters. In most cases, these fixed mounts were proprietary and unique to each make of tractor, so that an implement produced by John Deere, for example, could not be attached to a Minneapolis Moline tractor. Another disadvantage was that mounting usually required some time and labor, resulting in the implement being semi-permanently attached with bolts or other mounting hardware. Usually it was impractical to remove the implement and reinstall it on a day-to-day basis. As a result, the tractor was unavailable for other uses and dedicated to a single use for an appreciable period of time. An implement generally would be mounted at the beginning of its season of use (such as tillage, planting or harvesting) and removed only when the likely use season had ended. [edit] Three-point hitches and quick hitches The drawbar system was virtually the exclusive method of attaching implements (other than direct attachment to the tractor) before Harry Ferguson developed the three-point hitch. Equipment attached to the three-point hitch can be raised or lowered hydraulically with a control lever. The equipment attached to the three-point hitch is usually completely supported by the tractor. Another way to attach an implement is via a Quick Hitch, which is attached to the three-point hitch. This enables a single person to attach an implement quicker and put the person in less danger when attaching the implement. A modern three point hitchThe three-point hitch revolutionized farm tractors and their implements. Almost every tractor today features Ferguson's 3 point linkage or a derivative of it. The three-point hitch allows for easy attachment and detachment of implements while allowing the implement to function as a part of the tractor almost as if it were attached by a fixed mount. Previously, when the implement hit an obstacle the towing link would break or the tractor could flip over. Ferguson's genius was to combine a connection via two lower and one upper lift arms that were connected to a hydraulic lifting ram. The ram was in turn connected to the upper of the 3 links so that increased drag (as when a plough hits a rock) caused the hydraulics to lift the implement until the obstacle was passed. Other manufacturers copied Ferguson's invention, or developed variations of it. For example, International Harvestor's Farmall tractors had a two-point "Fast Hitch" and John Deere had a power lift that was similar but not as flexible as the Ferguson invention. Recently, Bobcat's patent on its front loader connection (inspired by these earlier systems) has expired; and compact tractors are now being outfitted with quick-connect attachments for their front-end loaders. [edit] Power take-off systems and hydraulics In addition to towing an implement or supplying tractive power through the wheels, most tractors have a means to transfer power to another machine such as a baler, swather, or mower. Unless it functions solely by pulling it through or over the ground, a towed implement needs its own power source (such as a baler or combine with a separate engine) or else a means of transmitting power from the tractor to the mechanical operations of the equipment. Early tractors used belts or cables wrapped around the flywheel or a separate belt pulley to power stationary equipment, such as a threshing machine, buzz saw, silage blower, or stationary baler. In most cases, it was not practical for the tractor and equipment to move with a flexible belt or cable between them, so this system necessitated that the tractor remain in one location with the work brought to the equipment, or that the tractor be relocated at each turn and the power set-up reapplied (as in cable-drawn plowing systems used in early steam tractor operations). A PTO shaft connected to a tractor.Modern tractors use a power take-off (PTO) shaft to provide rotary power to machinery that may be stationary or pulled. The PTO shaft generally is at the rear of the tractor, and can be connected to an implement that is either towed by a drawbar or a three-point hitch. This eliminates the need for a separate implement-mounted power source, which is almost never seen in modern farm equipment. Virtually all modern tractors can also provide external hydraulic fluid and electrical power to the equipment they are towing, either by hoses or wires. [edit] Operation A lawn tractor towing a cargo cartModern tractors have many electrical switches and levers in the cab for controlling the multitude of different functions available on the tractor. [edit] Pedals Modern farm tractors usually have four or five foot-pedals for the operator on the floor of the tractor. The pedal on the left is the clutch. The operator presses on this pedal to disengage the transmission for either shifting gears or stopping the tractor. Some modern tractors have (or as optional equipment) a button on the gear stick for controlling the clutch, in addition to the standard pedal. Two of the pedals on the right are the brakes. The left brake pedal stops the left rear wheel and the right brake pedal does the same with the right side. This independent left and right wheel braking augments the steering of the tractor when only the two rear wheels are driven. This is usually done when it is necessary to make a sharp turn. The split brake pedal is also used in mud or soft dirt to control a tire that spins due to loss of traction. The operator presses both pedals together to stop the tractor. For tractors with additional front-wheel drive, this operation often engages the 4-wheel locking differential (diff-lock) to help stop the tractor when traveling at road speeds. The pedal furthest to the right is the foot throttle. Unlike in automobiles, it can also be controlled from a hand-operated lever ("hand throttle"). This helps provide a constant speed in field work. It also helps provide continuous power for stationary tractors that are operating an implement by shaft or belt. The foot throttle gives the operator more automobile-like control over the speed of the tractor for road work. This is a feature of more recent tractors; older tractors often did not have this feature. In the UK it is mandatory to use the foot pedal to control engine speed while travelling on the road. Some tractors, especially those designed for row-crop work, have a 'de-accelerator' pedal, which operates in the reverse fashion to an automobile throttle, in that the pedal is pushed down to slow the engine. This is to allow fine control over the speed of the tractor when maneuvering at the end of crop rows in fields- the operating speed of the engine is set using the hand throttle, and if the operator wishes to slow the tractor to turn, he simply has to press the pedal, turn and release it once the turn is completed, rather than having to alter the setting of the hand throttle twice during the maneuver. A fifth pedal is traditionally included just in front of the driver's seat to operate the rear diff-lock, which prevents wheelslip. The differential normally allows the outside wheel to travel faster than the inside wheel during a turn. However, in low-traction conditions on a soft surface the same mechanism could allow one wheel to slip, further reducing traction. The diff-lock overrides this, forcing both wheels to turn at the same speed, reducing wheel slip and improving traction. Care must be taken to unlock the differential before turning, usually by hitting the pedal a second time, since the tractor cannot perform a turn with the diff-lock engaged. In modern tractors this pedal is replaced with an electrical switch. [edit] Levers and switches Many functions that were once controlled with a lever have been replaced with some model of electrical switch with the rise of indirect computer controlling of functions in modern tractors. Until the beginning of the 60's tractors had a single register of gears, hence one gear stick. Often 3-5 forwards and 1 reverse. Then group gears were introduced, hence another gear stick. Later on control of the reverse gear was moved to a special stick that controls direction and adding a gear stick or a lever attached at the side of the steering wheel. Nowadays with CVT or other clutch-free gear types there are fewer sticks for controlling the transmission, some replaced with electrical switches or totally computer controlled. The three-point hitch was controlled with a lever for adjusting the position, or as with the earliest ones, just the function for raising or lowering the hitch. With modern electrical systems it's often replaced with a potentiometer for lower bound position and another one for the upper bound and a switch allowing automatic adjustment of the hitch between these settings. The external hydraulics also originally had levers but nowadays often replaced with some form of electrical switch, the same goes for the power take-off shaft. [edit] Safety Farm tractor rear turnover The classic Row Crop tractor (an Allis-Chalmers WD). Note the absence of any rollover protection system.Agriculture in the United States is one of the most hazardous industries, only surpassed by mining and construction. No other farm machine is so identified with the hazards of production agriculture as the tractor.[9] Tractor related injuries account for approximately 32% of the fatalities and 6% of the non-fatal injuries in agriculture. Over 50% is attributed to tractor overturns.[10] The roll over protection structure (ROPS) and seat belt, when worn, are the two most important safety devices to protect operators from death during tractor overturns.[11] Modern tractors have rollover protection systems (ROPS) to prevent an operator from being crushed if the tractor overturns. It is important to remember that the ROPS does not prevent tractor overturns. Rather, it prevents the operator from being crushed during an overturn. This is especially important in open-air tractors, where the ROPS is a steel beam that extends above the operator's seat. For tractors with operator cabs, the ROPS is part of the frame of the cab. A ROPS with enclosed cab further reduces the likelihood of serious injury because the operator is protected by the sides and windows of the cab. ROPS were first required by legislation in Sweden in 1959. Before ROPS were required, some farmers died when their tractors rolled on top of them. Row-crop tractors, before ROPS, were particularly dangerous because of their 'tricycle' design with the two front wheels spaced close together and angled inward toward the ground. Some farmers were killed by rollovers while operating tractors along steep slopes. Others have been killed while attempting to tow or pull an excessive load from above axle height, or when cold weather caused the tires to freeze to the ground, in both cases causing the tractor to pivot around the rear axle. For the ROPS to work as designed, the operator must stay within the protective frame of the ROPS. This means the operator must wear the seat belt. Not wearing the seat belt may defeat the primary purpose of the ROPS. [edit] Applications and variations [edit] Farm tractor applications A modern John Deere 8110 Farm Tractor plowing a field using a chisel plow. A fairly recent farmtractor used to de-weed a plot of landThe most common use of the term "tractor" is for the vehicles used on farms. The farm tractor is used for pulling or pushing agricultural machinery or trailers, for plowing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting, and similar tasks. A farm tractor used to power a pump for irrigating a plot of landA variety of specialty farm tractors have been developed for particular uses. These include "row crop" tractors with adjustable tread width to allow the tractor to pass down rows of corn, tomatoes or other crops without crushing the plants, "wheatland" or "standard" tractors with non-adjustable fixed wheels and a lower center of gravity for plowing and other heavy field work for broadcast crops, and "high crop" tractors with adjustable tread and increased ground clearance, often used in the cultivation of cotton and other high-growing row crop plant operations, and "utility tractors", typically smaller tractors with a low center of gravity and short turning radius, used for general purposes around the farmstead. Many utility tractors are used for non-farm grading, landscape maintenance and excavation purposes, particularly with loaders, backhoes, pallet forks and similar devices. Small garden or lawn tractors designed for suburban and semi-rural gardening and landscape maintenance also exist in a variety of configurations. A tractor with a chaser bin.Some farm-type tractors are found elsewhere than on farms: with large universities' gardening departments, in public parks, or for highway workman use with blowtorch cylinders strapped to its sides and a pneumatic drill air compressor permanently fastened over its power take-off. These are often fitted with grass (turf) tyres which are less damaging to soft surfaces than agricultural tires. [edit] Precision agriculture Space technology has been incorporated into agriculture in the form of GPS devices, and robust on-board computers installed as optional features on farm tractors. These technologies are used in modern, precision farming techniques. The spin-offs from the space race have actually facilitated automation in plowing and the use of autosteer systems drone on tractors that are manned but only steered at the end of a row, the idea being to neither overlap and use more fuel nor leave streaks when performing jobs such as cultivating. [edit] Engineering tractors A tractor factory in Chelyabinsk in the Soviet Union circa 1930. Ebro farm tractorThe durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering tasks. Tractors can be fitted with engineering tools such as dozer blade, bucket, hoe, ripper, and so on. The most common attachments for the front of a tractor are dozer blade or a bucket. When attached with engineering tools the tractor is called an engineering vehicle. A bulldozer is a track-type tractor attached with blade in the front and a rope-winch behind. Bulldozers are very powerful tractors and have excellent ground-hold, as their main tasks are to push or drag things. Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which are capable of working in ways that the original bulldozer can not. One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth, rock and similar loose material to load it into trucks. A front-loader or loader is a tractor with an engineering tool which consists of two hydraulic powered arms on either side of the front engine compartment and a tilting implement. This is usually a wide open box called a bucket but other common attachments are a pallet fork and a bale grappler. Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making the machine smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited. There are also tiny wheeled loaders, officially called Skid-steer loaders but nicknamed "Bobcat" after the original manufacturer, which are particularly suited for small excavation projects in confined areas. [edit] Backhoe loader Main article: Backhoe loader A common backhoe-loader. The backhoe is on the left, the bucket/blade on the right.The most common variation of the classic farm tractor is the hoe, also called a hoe-loader. As the name implies, it has a loader assembly on the front and a backhoe on the back. Backhoes attach to a 3 point hitch on farm or industrial tractors. Industrial tractors are often heavier in construction particularly with regards to the use of steel grill for protection from rocks and the use of construction tires. When the backhoe is permanently attached, the machine usually has a seat that can swivel to the rear to face the hoe controls. Removable backhoe attachments almost always have a separate seat on the attachment. Backhoe-loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging holes,loading trucks, breaking asphalt and paving roads. Some buckets have a retractable bottom, enabling them to empty their load more quickly and efficiently. Buckets with retractable bottoms are also often used for grading and scratching off sand. The front assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools. Their relatively small frame and precise control make backhoe-loaders very useful and common in urban engineering projects such as construction and repairs in areas too small for larger equipment. Their versatility and compact size makes them one of the most popular urban construction vehicles. In the UK, the word "JCB" is sometimes used colloquially as a genericized trademark for any such type of engineering vehicle. The term JCB now appears in the Oxford English Dictionary, although it is still legally a trademark of J. C. Bamford Ltd. [edit] Compact Utility Tractor In the middle is a 24 hp (18 kW) diesel CUT illustrating the size difference between a small 40 hp farm tractor and a garden tractorA Compact Utility Tractor, also called a CUT is a smaller version of an agricultural tractor but designed primarily for landscaping and estate management type tshow less

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