About lack of resources: you can adjust % of working drones (less % = less consumption = less production)
about components: till you have production buildings that aren't full - components will try to fill 'em up at the cost 10 components per drone
but you can upgrade your building (expensive/economic) to decrease "components per drone" requiring
to start a battle, you must have some ships (drone, corvete e.t.c.) and set their design (drone with 0 dmg is useless, right?),
search for enemy in "Enemies" section (you must unlock "searching first")
and go to the "battle" section, where you can automate it
The chance of gold is based on how many fish are current in the incubator, for example 15 fish = 15% chance. Once you reach 100 you are guaranteed gold each time.
This should be patched soon.