Recently I found a game of same genre. It is about debates on Bible. It is an old DOS game "Captain Bible". Player is a paladin that must must retake a city-maze captured by evil lying cyborgs. They make lying statements. Player must confront them, using verses from Bible. If player is successfull, a cyborg atacks, and you fight, using the Sword of Truth and Shield of Faith. Then you seek citizens and debate them out of false profets, fear, greed and so on. The goal is to activate a giant robot protector of the city. The game is pretty epic and awsome, though sometimes easy.
Girl's name is Ariadne probably because when she helps you teaching how to argue and find path in Labyrinth of Mind is like Ariadne's thread that helped Theseus in Labyrinth. And it is a common plot setting when a hero is guided in the World of the dead by a helper or conductor (like Dante and Vergile)
Remark 2:
Dialogues may be more interactive. Some options for "Challenge" can be just guessed, and Socrates make fundamentation all by himself. Example:
Opponent says that moral imperatives can not be iirational.
Socrates objects that "Helping a dying man" imperative may be good and moral, but is not rational. Then he carries on. The game could ask Player to prove his thought, using options:
"Ah, he would die anyway later, why waste time helping him?"
"Helping every man in danger can put yourself at risk"
"He would suffer more if he lives longer" etc.
Two remarks:
1) The language. I'm not English speaker, and I had to use translator at almost every sentence - dialogues use too much uncommon or old English words (like "to goad"). I don't mind using a dictionary, but games are mostly international and usually written in more simple language.
30/5 stars - 5 for each chapter! This game really should be adviced as educational for students of Philosophy. I encountered only maybe one similar flash game where you should prove logical statements.
The animation of walking and running people has some flaws - the torso is still. The whole body moves when a man walks or runs. The torso should be a little bent or tilted to the front. I would not mention that in other flash games, but an experienced professional artist may not make such mistakes.
Judging from the art works at site of Jo99, this "hospital" is doing a development("evolution") of human into better being - part man, part machine, called "B431"
"Humanoid 47" is the sequel to "Coma 45" and "Patient 46". There are other games and art at the site of JO99 (JEUX section). They are in French, though even my little knowledge of French language was enough to understand the plot and puzzles.
Wonderful! I felt myself inside a strange cartoon. Though, animation of walking people(and robot) in this game and Queen of Snakes is a little awkward, because the torso is not moving during the walk. IMHO the body should lean a little forward when a person walks
So, he gone mad playing so many games, and now he thinks that real life is like a game %). That's a warning for us, gamers!(Game addiction is considered a mental illness in several countries)
I thought covering large territory would protect my castle from attacks. I thought enemy barefoot soldiers must first conquer the borders. Never was I so wrong!
 "Socrates Jones: Pro Philosopher"){kind=icon}
 "99 Bricks: the Legend of Garry"){kind=icon}
 "Robot Dinosaurs That Shoot Beams When They Roar"){kind=icon}
 "The queen of snakes"){kind=icon}
 "Humanoid 47"){kind=icon}
 "Chain of Fire"){kind=icon}
 "The Golem"){kind=icon}
 "Psychout"){kind=icon}
 "Wilt: Last Blossom"){kind=icon}
 "Triviador"){kind=icon}